Re-using waste for the future
February 25, 2010 by Janet7
Throughout history, recycling has been around in one guise or another. Even as long ago as 400 BC signs of earlier recycling are known to have taken place. Archaeological reports show that ancient waste dumps contained fewer of what is known nowadays as household waste, such as pots, tools and ash, which demonstrates that people were, even back then, keen to reuse materials at a time when natural resources were not so freely available.
Indeed it could be argued that the old ‘rag-and-bone’ man was just an early recycler collecting unwanted goods on his horse and cart, before reusing or turning the collected items into something new. The 60′s TV series, Steptoe and Son, brought this very much to the public eye and greater attention.
During periods such as the World War Years, recycling and re-use were common place as natural resources became much more difficult to come by. As well as food being rationed, certain materials such as metal and fibre were largely permitted only for use by the government in support of military operations, to meet manufacturing requirements often in the production of weaponry.
Due to rising energy costs, the need to recycle aluminium increased in the seventies.. As a material aluminium utilises much less energy in the production process than some other materials. Also it was much sought after because of its non rusting properties. The demand for aluminium saw the rise of scrap metal merchants who were willing to pay money in exchange for good quality metal. Also, in the seventies in parts of the United States of America, the first vehicles were seen to be collecting waste with a separate trailer for the collection of recyclable materials being towed behind the vehicle.
To the late eighties, early nineties and as the awareness of managing the global environmental state increased amongst worldwide governments, the focus upon recycling really started to gather momentum. In the UK, the government imposed recycling targets upon Local Authorities and with the introduction of the new legislation upon the waste industry, recycling schemes really began to take off. The once commonly recognised waste disposal companies, began to call themselves waste management companies and demonstrated through the offer of waste collection and recyclable material collection that waste needed to be handled more effectively. Local skip companies needed to become better at what they did.
Today, many hundreds of materials and products can be recycled, ranging from paper, card, glass and plastics, to mobile phones, electrical items, printer cartridges, textiles, clothing and concrete. The demand for different types of collection receptacles has increased dramatically.
What is Recycling?
The term recycling describes the process of converting used materials into new or nearly new materials to avoid the need for potentially useful materials or products to be discarded. Essentially it is diverting waste from landfill.
Recycling plays a key role in a world where climate change is high on the environmental agenda. It helps to reduce the need to unnecessarily send waste materials and products to landfill or other waste disposal options. This in turn diminishes the need or the reliance upon consuming fresh or new raw materials, reduces energy use and air and water pollution, all of which contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions.
Recycling is probably most evident through the recycling services now provided by local authorities for domestic refuse and recycling collections and by modern waste management companies who generally offer a full range of waste and recycling collection services. Some companies, who have traditionally focused only on the collection of recyclable products, are now extending their service offering to collect general waste as well.
To help protect the environment a raft of regulation exists, our website has the necessary information to assist you in order that your requirements are handled in accordance with what the law states.
In the waste sector, the common promotional activity surrounds the waste hierarchy – ‘reduce, reuse, recycle and recover’. This four R slogan is a simple message designed for a far reaching audience. Think about how you can reduce your waste. Can the waste products or materials be reused? Can the waste product or material be recycled or recovered?
The waste hierarchy is a strategy which many waste management companies and local authorities consider when developing new waste management strategies. The strategy is intended to focus the mind around preventing waste being produced in the first place. Consider the options for reuse and recycling but ultimately minimise the amount of waste produced at the end of the cycle. The slogan has been adopted particularly well in the public sector.
So the emphasis is very much on the entire production process. The waste hierarchy extends much wider than to waste management companies and local authorities. Working groups have been set up to bring many industries together to consider the entire waste cycle. For example, the manufacturer of a product needs to consider how the product is to be manufactured. Can parts be used which can later be recycled or reused? Can the amount of packaging which surrounds the product be reduced? When the product reaches the retailer, is it necessary for the product to be placed within an outer package? Once the retailer sells the product, what will the consumer do with the unwanted elements of the purchase, i.e. the packaging? How will the packaging be collected and where will it go? Will it return to a recycling plant, for onward shipment to a reprocessing plant, where the cycle begins all over again? The process must be simple to manage and implement.
How are Materials Collected for Recycling?
Legislation now dictates that all waste should be treated to reduce the amount of recyclables and unnecessary waste going direct to landfill. Since 1996, UK government has applied a landfill levy on all waste disposed of within landfill. The rate of tax has increased considerably in recent years rising from the original level of £8 per ton, to today’s rate of £40 per ton. The UK government has previously announced that this will increase further to £48 per ton by the end of 2010/11. This rate applies to all general waste streams, although there is a lower rate for inert materials. Sending waste directly to landfill is an expensive option and finding suitable methods to divert waste away from landfill is now a priority.
So, the message to everyone is clear, sort your waste to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill. Traditionally, at home or at work, as soon as you place waste in the container , it is forgotten about. Someone else will collect it and take it away. Nowadays, at home and at work, recycling is being encouraged through the provision of bins in which to place certain recyclable materials. At home, the children are often the keen recyclers.
Perhaps the most common materials to be seen being collected for recycling are paper, card, glass, metals and plastics. But the opportunity to recycle a vast number of materials or products continues to grow.
The process of anaerobic digestion introduces micro- organisms in to biodegradable matter, which performs with a lack of oxygen and reduces the emissions of landfill gas.
The methods of collecting materials or waste to be recycled is also increasing and becoming more noticeable within local communities. Dedicated collection sites, often referred to as a bring bank sites, are springing up in supermarket car parks to encourage customers of the supermarket to return such items as bottles, newspapers or cardboard to the containers on their way into the supermarket. Shoppers are therefore encouraged to bring back their recyclables.
Local Authority waste collection crews or their appointed contractors will collect refuse and recyclables from the kerbside usually at the front of your home. Collection from domestic premises generally remains the responsibility of the local council and many have now employed the provision of bins in which to collect specified recyclable materials or products.
In the industrial and commercial sector, waste management contractors offer separate containers in which the customer deposits the appropriate waste stream or recyclable material ready for collection. The bins will often be clearly labeled as to which recyclable materials should be placed within that container or bin. Alternatively, the bins will be colour coded to identify which recyclable materials should be placed within which bins.
The key to a successful recycling initiative is educating about what can be recycled and how. In the commercial world getting the co-operation of office employees is crucial. The introduction of any recycling scheme must ensure that in asking employees to separate waste for recycling, it does not become time consuming and affect the effectiveness of what employees should be doing in their work.
The Recycling Process
Various collection systems exist for the collection of the recyclable products . Whichever collection system is utilised , the materials are taken to a recycling centre where they will be segregated from other wastes. This could be done manually or by using mechanical separators.
To begin the recycling process from a collection point of view, the more recyclable material which can be separated at source, i.e. at home or in the work place, the more efficient it will be for the waste collector. That is why separate containers are supplied to the waste producer to encourage segregation at source. If card can be collected on a vehicle, which will collect no other waste material, the card will be kept uncontaminated and therefore will have a higher value when it reaches the processing plant. Similarly, specialist glass collection vehicles are used to collect only glass. Apart from the obvious health and safety reasons and the weight of collected glass, it will have a much higher value if the collected glass load is not contaminated with other waste. Uncontaminated recyclables will have a much higher value than contaminated materials.
Once collected, the recyclable materials can be taken direct to a reprocessing plant, if the load contains only that specific type of material. So a dedicated glass collection vehicle could take the load directly to a glass processing plant.
If mixed recyclables have been collected such as paper and card within the same container, it may be necessary for the collector to take the load to a drop off point to unload and allow the load to be segregated into separate paper and card bundles for onward transport to a paper or card processing plant. Whichever method is used, the recyclable material collected will usually be segregated or cleaned before going through to a reprocessing plant to be converted to a new resource and ultimately used as a new product or in manufacturing.
Because of high density populations, the problem of waste disposal requires more innovative solutions than the old landfill ideas. power in waste is just one such solution, turning waste material into electricity.
The Increasing Importance of Recycling
In the UK around 35% of waste collected from households is recycled or composted. Whilst in the commercial and industrial sector, the volume of waste sent to landfill has declined substantially in recent years and the volume of waste now being diverted for recycling or reuse by this sector has risen above the volumes going to landfill.
Landfill continues to play an important role in the management of waste across the UK as not all wastes can be recycled and some are more suited to landfill disposal than by any other means. However, it’s not just the increasing costs of disposing of waste directly in landfill which is making recycling a more appealing option for businesses. Landfill is becoming scarce, with some experts suggesting that the amount of space available across all UK landfill sites, has less than ten years existence remaining before all sites are deemed to be full. Such countries as Dubai have filled parts of the coastline with their waste and created useful land area to extend the boundaries of their country.
In recent years, waste management companies have had to change their focus, and start to consider and invest in new technologies, such as energy from waste plants, anaerobic digestion plants and mechanical biological treatment plants, as alternatives to landfill. Local Authorities have also changed their approaches by undertaking comprehensive strategic reviews as to how waste under their jurisdiction should be handled. In some cases this has meant that unitary authorities are implementing plans to introduce long term contracts, usually around 25 years in length, through which to manage their entire waste management requirements. These contracts will often include the need to build a facility through which to handle all waste generated across the county by sorting all waste streams. The contracts may also include the collection of all waste and recyclables from households across the area. So the face of waste management is changing rapidly. The days of just throw it in the dustbin have disappeared and the advent of new technologies are upon us.
Conclusion
Recycling is now a way of life and is here to stay. It has evolved over the years from something that was undertaken without any real thought behind it. The trusty rag and bone man was just trying to make a living. Today, many blue chip organisations are setting out plans for a ‘zero to landfill’ waste policy, where the intention is very clear – reduce waste, reuse waste and recycle waste, but no waste must end up in landfill. Some companies have announced ambitious target dates by which to achieve such policies.
Many homes across the country now have some form of bin in which to separate waste for recycling. The need to separate newspapers, aluminium cans and plastic bottles are almost common place. Whilst in industrial and commercial sectors, there is an increasing list of items to consider for recycling such as printer cartridges, office paper, metal and electrical equipment.
Ideally the whole process would be a complete cycle such as it was in the days of the horse. However the advent of new technologies will accelerate further the way in which our waste is to be managed in the future, but it is highly unlikely that we will ever reach the ultimate waste free society. There will always be a need for waste to be disposed of somewhere, somehow.
shut up faggot anyone can make a solar power car that can go faster than this. GET THE FUCK OUTTA HERE and STOP COMMENTING little twat.
My thinking is "no." For the majority of decision-makers, profit seems to be the deciding factor. Some enlightened minds are taking into consideration those other factors, and have created the environmental movement.
Overpopulation will bring higher competition for fixed resources, and the resulting wars for the control of those resources: food and fresh water, to start with. It wil bring filthy cities, unproductive lands.
I wish he had been my teacher- I might have liked and understood math.
thank for sharing~~:)
You come to my life ! It's my energy for me ! Thanks 28
twin….ooo ur gonna love me…u wanna watch MuBank????here follow it i used the first one
Study: Targeting 100! How New Hospitals Can Use 60% Less Energy
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Wellmune wgp®
Research Summary
A Product of Biothera, the Immune Health Company
Contacts:
Don Cox, Ph.D.
Vice President, Healthcare Research & Development
651.256.4621
Steve Meredith
Vice President, Sales
U.S. and Canada
801.944.8868
biothera.com
Allen Porter
Vice President, Sales
International
651.256.4622
Biothera
3388 Mike Collins Drive
Eagan, MN 55121
USA
http://www.wellmune.com
HC-WRS-2-09
Wellmune wgp®:
Nature’s Immune Enhancer
An Innovative Functional Food and Beverage Ingredient that is Clinically Proven to Enhance Immune Function
A Product of Biothera, the Immune Health Company
Introduction.
Wellmune wgp® is a natural food and beverage ingredient that is clinically proven to safely enhance immune responses that protect against a wide range of health challenges. Wellmune wgp activates billions of innate immune cells, which are the body’s first line of defense, to more quickly recognize and kill foreign intruders without stimulating the immune system. This unique ingredient’s patented, year-round protection is the culmination of more than $250 million in research with leading university and government institutions.
The potential for immune-enhancing products spans virtually all food and beverage categories now that the importance of the immune health has reached critical mass with consumers. In fact, a 2008 survey by the International Food Information Council (IFIC) found that 87% of consumers have a current or future interest in products that improve immune system function. The compelling safety and efficacy research supporting Wellmune wgp make it an ideal ingredient for delivering real health benefits to consumers.
Wellmune WGP® is a unique gluco 1,3/1,6 polysaccharide,
a natural carbohydrate derived from a proprietary strain
of yeast.
n A natural functional ingredient designed for foods, beverages and supplements
n Clinically proven to enhance the immune system
n Patent-protected
n GRAS-approved under U.S. FDA regulations and
TGA-approved in Australia
n Kosher, Halal, non-allergenic and GMO-free
2
3
Wellmune wgp Mechanism of Action.
Wellmune wgp is a natural gluco polysaccharide derived from the cell walls of a highly purified, proprietary yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This unique ingredient triggers human immune defenses that have evolved over thousands of years to protect the body.
The scientific understanding of Wellmune wgp’s mechanism of action in the body is well documented in published, peer-reviewed research. Mechanism of action studies as well as measurement of significant changes in immune responses are changing the way researchers and physicians think about innate immune function.
Once swallowed, immune cells in the gastrointestinal tract take up Wellmune wgp and transport it to immune organs throughout the body. While in the immune organs, immune cells called macrophages digest Wellmune wgp into smaller fragments and slowly release them over a number of days. The fragments bind to neutrophils, via complement receptor 3 (CR3), which are the most abundant immune cells in the body. In fact, neutrophils account for 60-70% of all immune cells.
Activated by Wellmune wgp, the neutrophils now more quickly navigate to the site of a foreign challenge and kill it. Unlike other immune health ingredients, Wellmune wgp enhances immune function without stimulating the immune system. Immune boosters or stimulators may be harmful and cause autoimmune disease.
Researchers discovered the mechanism through a series of experiments, including those with CR3-deficit mice that confirmed the criti-
Clinical Studies
demonstrate that Wellmune WGP signficantly increases:
Percent of active • immune cells available to defend the body
Mobilization of in• nate immune cells to the site of a foreign challenge
Killing (phagocyto• sis) of foreign challenges, resulting in a more complete immune response
Day 1: Wellmune wgp ingested by macrophages.
Day 2: Macrophages degrade Wellmune wgp and release tiny fragments
Day 3: Wellmune wgp fragments bind to neutrophils, priming them for activity.
Source: Journal of Immunology, 2004 173: 807-817.
Figure 1
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Figure 2: This study demonstrates that the number of phagocytic cells that engulf one microbe increased from 64% to 83% after 10 days of treatment with Wellmune WGP. Highly phagocytic cells, those that engulf three or more microbes, increased from 37% of the total cells at the start of the study to 57% after 10 days.
Phagocytic Index
cal role this receptor plays in triggering an immune response. Other studies tracked fluorescently dyed Wellmune wgp as immune cells transported it throughout the body (figure 1). Within days Wellmune wgp is carried to the spleen, bone marrow and other immune organs.
In a separate study, significant improvement was observed in the killing activity of immune cells (Figure 2). Phagocytic cells, which literally engulf and destroy foreign challengers, showed greater microbial killing in subjects who had taken Wellmune WGP.
Dosage Form/
Delivery
Mechanism.
Based on published research, Wellmune wgp at the recommended dosage (2.5 mg/kg of bodyweight) provides for sufficient uptake for efficacious bioactivity.
Wellmune wgp should be taken daily to provide maximum immune health benefits. The reason is linked to Wellmune wgp’s unique mechanism of action. Wellmune works by enhancing or activating innate immune cells called neutrophils. The average life span of a neutrophil is several days so it is important to continually take Wellmune wgp to prime new immune cells that the body is constantly producing.
Applications.
Wellmune wgp is designed for the majority of food, beverage and supplement applications. Wellmune is available in two powder forms — dispersible for food and select beverage applications and water soluble for certain beverage applications with clarity or other manufacturing requirements. In water at 1 mg per milliliter, soluble Wellmune wgp is odorless, clear and mild to no taste.
Research – Proof of Efficacy
Biothera has initiated a multi-year clinical program to evaluate the
efficacy of Wellmune wgp in humans under various physical and
psychological stress situations. Years of research has resulted in a product with a well-defined mechanism of action, a compelling body of credible, peer-reviewed science and increasing clinical evidence of its efficacy.
Four clinical studies completed in the past 18 months were designed to assess the impact of Wellmune WGP on the physical and psychological health of individuals experiencing lifestyle and physical stress that often directly lead to illness. The studies featured four different populations including firefighters, marathoners and individuals with high
lifestyle stress. Select results from these studies are highlighted on pages 5-8 of this summary.
The complete body of research supporting Wellmune wgp includes additional clinical research, numerous preclinical studies and human biomarker research. Biothera remains committed to ongoing
research that advances the science of its ingredients and understanding of immune health.
For additional information, please visit http://www.wellmune.com or
contact:
Don Cox, Ph.D.
Vice President, Research & Development
Healthcare Group
Biothera
651-256-4621
5
SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire
Variable Wellmune Placebo P-value
General Health – day 0 59.7 ± 4.5 57.0 ± 5.3 0.147
General Health – day 90 58.7 ± 7.0 52.0 ± 14.6 0.038
Physical Health Summary – day 0 56.7 ± 4.5 57.3 ± 2.3 0.576
Physical Health Summary – day 90 57.5 ± 4.5 55.5 ± 3.5 0.029
Medically-verified symptoms and study outcomes
Variable Wellmune Placebo P-value
Incidence of Fever 0.00 3.5 ± 3.42 0.042
Average runny nose 14.1 ± 12.5 21.0 ± 8.6 NS
Average sneezing 10.8 ± 5.7 17.1 ± 12.0 NS
Average coughing 15.9 ± 16.2 17.5 ± 3.4 NS
Number of missed days of 0.00 1.38 ± 1.25 0.026
work/school
Wellmune wgp Alleviates Duration, Severity and ‘Down Time’ Due to Cold Symptoms
In a cold season study with 40 healthy subjects, Wellmune wgp reduced the incidence of fever and eliminated the need to miss work or school due to cold-like symptoms. The double-blind, placebo-controlled study included subjects, aged 18-65, who were treated daily with either 250mg of Wellmune WGP or a placebo for 90 days. The study results were presented at the 2008 Experimental Biology annual meeting. Select results are below. Publication is pending.
In contrast with the placebo group, the Wellmune wgp group reported an increase in general health markers, including physical energy and emotional well-being, as measured by a clinically validated health survey questionnaire (SF-36v-2).
In addition, although there were no differences between groups in the number of colds, at the end of the 12-week test period the Wellmune wgp-supplemented group exhibited significant improvements in Physical Component Summary scores as defined in the SF-36v-2 health survey.
Subjects self-administered SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire. The SF-36 consists of eight scaled scores, which are the sums of the questions in their section. Each scale is directly transformed into a 0-100 scale on the assumption that each question carries equal weight. The eight sections are: vitality, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, social role functioning, and mental health.
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Compared with the placebo group, the Wellmune wgp group reported:
• No incidence of fever compared with 3.5 incidences over a 90-day period
• No need to take a “sick day” from work or school, compared with 1.38 days of work/school missed for the placebo group
• An increase in general health, including physical energy and emotional well-being
Figure 1. Analyzed data for specific POMS factors calculated from POMS Score Sheet. Data analysis was by paired t-test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Each Factor was determined using answers to specific adjective based scales as described in Profile of Mood States manual by McNair et al (28).
* p
Those are some quality metal selections, ben.
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Yip Ian, Linda said it – they can get a few bucks from the scrap metal merchants. Entire streets in neighbouring Knysna have been hit.
So annoying – a few dollars of copper and we have hundreds of dollars worth of damage. I'd give them 10 bucks not to steal it!
Linda, can see you making like an Eskimo to flush your toilet – too funny!
Back from Oakland, ABAG Hazardous Waste committee. San Mateo Co will save $500k from Huffman Architectural paint producer take-back bill!
Panel stymied on plan to develop landfill site -
Carter famously told americans that they needed to keep their thermostats set lower in order to use less energy. He told them to wear cardigans to keep themselves warm instead. To give that speech he was wearing one. That speech and the cardigan was used to ridicule him is one of the marks that is used to indicate the beginning of the failure of the Carter presidency.
This is awesome. I think I’ll go to the architectural salvage yard to price something like this out. The perfect backyard cubicle.
Neutron repulsion is the energy source that powers the Sun, . . .
. . . and the cosmos. Sunspots occur when deep-seated magnetic fields protrude through the photosphere. Hydrogen is a waste product (a neutron decay product)released from the Sun and other stars to fill interstellar space.
With kind regards,
Oliver K. Manuel
Tampa: Where can I find a realtor that will handle rental and rent collection services for the full lease term?
at least 18 states plan on introducing Caylee's Law to make it a felony for parents not to report missing children, more states on the way.
"If ifs and buts were pots and pans we’d all be scrap metal merchants" -Guy Martin. As chipper in defeat as ever a man could be. Brilliant
are we seriously living in 2010??? ths was as outdated as it can possibly get.. waste of producer money.. huh ash cudv dne better than THIS. grow out of the money lag ash ths is da limit..!
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Plant Operator / Technician – stable job at growing natural gas leader at Clean Energy (Dallas, TX) -
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> Busch 2.4 Gallon Kitchen Compost Pail – Waste Collector with 4 BONUS Replacement Filters For Save Huge
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University of Maine reaches deal to buy landfill gas from Juniper Ridge via #maine #news #umaine
posted by: Alternative Medicine
remarks: What causes this condition and how to deal with it.
Amplify’d from http://www.altmeds.com
Gout
In gout, crystals of uric acid, a waste product of protein metabolism, accumulate in the joints, causing inflammation and pain. Excess weight makes the condition worse; alcohol increases production of uric acid and reduces its excretion. A high-fiber diet with plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, and plenty of water to flush out toxins, often will alleviate symptoms of gout.
Read more at http://www.altmeds.com
First impressions of Haverfordwest — Haverfordwest, United Kingdom -
hehe…make hin sigh Hazard jare Abi! Na kuku waste product them like RT I dey pray make Arsenal buy am
posted by: Alternative Medicine
remarks: What causes this condition and how to deal with it.
Amplify’d from http://www.altmeds.com
Gout
In gout, crystals of uric acid, a waste product of protein metabolism, accumulate in the joints, causing inflammation and pain. Excess weight makes the condition worse; alcohol increases production of uric acid and reduces its excretion. A high-fiber diet with plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, and plenty of water to flush out toxins, often will alleviate symptoms of gout.
Read more at http://www.altmeds.com
Yay-also add to hot water + it helps get rid of waste products!RT @sahealthblog water with lemon in… Yay or Nay? #Advice